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<p>[QUOTE="moreotherstuff, post: 3302791, member: 56"]From Wikipedia:</p><p><i>The use of wood pulp and the invention of automatic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_machine" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_machine" rel="nofollow">paper machines</a> in the late 18th- and early 19th-century contributed to paper's status as an inexpensive commodity in modern times.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-hunter-1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-hunter-1" rel="nofollow">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-:2-11" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-:2-11" rel="nofollow">[11]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-12" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-12" rel="nofollow">[12]</a> While some of the earliest examples of paper made from wood pulp include works published by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Christian_Sch%C3%A4ffer" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Christian_Sch%C3%A4ffer" rel="nofollow">Jacob Christian Schäffer</a> in 1765 and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Koops" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Koops" rel="nofollow">Matthias Koops</a> in 1800,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-hunter-1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-hunter-1" rel="nofollow">[1]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-13" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-13" rel="nofollow">[13]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-14" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-14" rel="nofollow">[14]</a> large-scale wood paper production began in the 1840s with unique, simultaneous developments in mechanical pulping made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" rel="nofollow">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a> in Germany<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-eero-15" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-eero-15" rel="nofollow">[15]</a> and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" rel="nofollow">Charles Fenerty</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia" rel="nofollow">Nova Scotia</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-:2-11" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-:2-11" rel="nofollow">[11]</a> Chemical processes quickly followed, first with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Roth&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Roth&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="nofollow">J. Roth</a>'s use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" rel="nofollow">sulfurous acid</a> to treat wood, then by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tilghman" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tilghman" rel="nofollow">Benjamin Tilghman</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law" rel="nofollow">U.S. patent</a> on the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_bisulfite" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_bisulfite" rel="nofollow">calcium bisulfite</a>, Ca(HSO3)2, to pulp wood in 1867.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> Almost a decade later, the first commercial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfite_process" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfite_process" rel="nofollow">sulfite pulp mill</a> was built, in Sweden. It used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" rel="nofollow">magnesium</a> as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_ion" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_ion" rel="nofollow">counter ion</a> and was based on work by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Daniel_Ekman" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Daniel_Ekman" rel="nofollow">Carl Daniel Ekman</a>. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate, or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_process" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_process" rel="nofollow">kraft</a>, process, was developed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_F._Dahl&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_F._Dahl&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="nofollow">Carl F. Dahl</a> in 1879; the first kraft mill started, in Sweden, in 1890.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> The invention of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_boiler" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_boiler" rel="nofollow">recovery boiler</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.H._Tomlinson&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.H._Tomlinson&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="nofollow">G.H. Tomlinson</a> in the early 1930s,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-eero-15" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-eero-15" rel="nofollow">[15]</a> allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and to produce stronger fibres,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-16" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-16" rel="nofollow">[16]</a> made the kraft process the dominant pulping process, starting in the 1940s.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></i></p><p><i><br /></i></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)</a>[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>
[QUOTE="moreotherstuff, post: 3302791, member: 56"]From Wikipedia: [I]The use of wood pulp and the invention of automatic [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_machine']paper machines[/URL] in the late 18th- and early 19th-century contributed to paper's status as an inexpensive commodity in modern times.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-hunter-1'][1][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-:2-11'][11][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-12'][12][/URL] While some of the earliest examples of paper made from wood pulp include works published by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Christian_Sch%C3%A4ffer']Jacob Christian Schäffer[/URL] in 1765 and [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Koops']Matthias Koops[/URL] in 1800,[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-hunter-1'][1][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-13'][13][/URL][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-14'][14][/URL] large-scale wood paper production began in the 1840s with unique, simultaneous developments in mechanical pulping made by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller']Friedrich Gottlob Keller[/URL] in Germany[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-eero-15'][15][/URL] and by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fenerty']Charles Fenerty[/URL] in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia']Nova Scotia[/URL].[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-:2-11'][11][/URL] Chemical processes quickly followed, first with [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Roth&action=edit&redlink=1']J. Roth[/URL]'s use of [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurous_acid']sulfurous acid[/URL] to treat wood, then by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tilghman']Benjamin Tilghman[/URL]'s [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law']U.S. patent[/URL] on the use of [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_bisulfite']calcium bisulfite[/URL], Ca(HSO3)2, to pulp wood in 1867.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2'][2][/URL] Almost a decade later, the first commercial [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfite_process']sulfite pulp mill[/URL] was built, in Sweden. It used [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium']magnesium[/URL] as the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_ion']counter ion[/URL] and was based on work by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Daniel_Ekman']Carl Daniel Ekman[/URL]. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate, or [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_process']kraft[/URL], process, was developed by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_F._Dahl&action=edit&redlink=1']Carl F. Dahl[/URL] in 1879; the first kraft mill started, in Sweden, in 1890.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2'][2][/URL] The invention of the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_boiler']recovery boiler[/URL], by [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.H._Tomlinson&action=edit&redlink=1']G.H. Tomlinson[/URL] in the early 1930s,[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-eero-15'][15][/URL] allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and to produce stronger fibres,[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-16'][16][/URL] made the kraft process the dominant pulping process, starting in the 1940s.[URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)#cite_note-bier-2'][2][/URL] [/I] [URL]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_(paper)[/URL][/QUOTE]
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