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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;komokwa, post: 64744, member: 301&quot;]Edward S. ----</p><p><br /></p><p>Curtis has been praised as a gifted photographer but also criticized by some contemporary ethnologists for manipulating his images. Although the early twentieth century was a difficult time for most Native communities in America, not all natives were doomed to becoming a &quot;vanishing race.&quot;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-vanish-28" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-vanish-28" rel="nofollow">[28]</a> At a time when natives&#039; rights were being denied and their treaties were unrecognized by the federal government, many natives were successfully adapting to western society. By reinforcing the native identity as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_savage" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_savage" rel="nofollow">noble savage</a> and a tragic vanishing race, some believe Curtis detracted attention from the true plight of American natives at the time when he was witnessing their squalid conditions on reservations first-hand and their attempt to find their place in Western culture and adapt to their changing world.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-vanish-28" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-vanish-28" rel="nofollow">[28]</a></p><p><br /></p><p>In many of his images Curtis removed parasols, suspenders, wagons, and other traces of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Society" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Society" rel="nofollow">Western</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture" rel="nofollow">material culture</a> from his pictures. In his photogravure <i>In a Piegan Lodge</i>, published in <i>The North American Indian</i>, Curtis retouched the image to remove a clock between the two men seated on the ground.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-29" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-29" rel="nofollow">[29]</a></p><p><br /></p><p>He also is known to have paid natives to pose in staged scenes, wear historically inaccurate dress and costumes, dance and partake in simulated ceremonies.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-30" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis#cite_note-30" rel="nofollow">[30]</a> In Curtis&#039; picture <i>Oglala War-Party</i>, the image shows 10 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglala_Lakota" rel="nofollow">Oglala</a> men wearing feather headdresses, on horseback riding down hill. The photo caption reads, &quot;a group of Sioux warriors as they appeared in the days of inter tribal warfare, carefully making their way down a hillside in the vicinity of the enemy&#039;s camp&quot;. In truth, headdresses would have only been worn during special occasions and, in some tribes, only by the chief of the tribe. The photograph was taken in 1907 when natives had been relegated onto reservations and warring between tribes had ended. Curtis paid natives to pose as warriors at a time when they lived with little dignity, rights, and freedoms. It is therefore suggested that he altered and manipulated his pictures to create an ethnographic simulation of native tribes untouched by Western society.[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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