Does anyone know what this German document is?

It's a little religious poem. You can run it through Google Translate.

Debora

 

_____ ______ and everyone against _____of the lord who loves only the pious________you find rich against_____and your heart remains untrue at this ______often.

Best I could do with an online translator. Looks like a bible verse.

 

The German letters are printed in what's called Fraktur. You can find alphabets online to interpret the letters when putting into an online translator. Here is one page with an alphabet partway down:
https://www.omniglot.com/writing/fraktur.htm

The handwriting is in an old German handwriting called Kurrent or Kurrentschrift. (Some versions also called Sütterlin.) That can be a little more tricky. There are guides to it online, though. In your document I can see the name Heinrich Lehmann written.

 

I see "von deinem Trauzeugen "
from your best man

 

This is what I can get out of IM Translator:

Everything is safe and every day
Comes from the Lord who loves only the pious.
Walk here on his path,
Where you can find rich men
And your heart remains undamaged.

 

It's part of a Taufbrief, given to a newly-baptised child by their Taufzeuge -- literally "baptism witness" (not sure whether that would necessarily also have been the child's godparent in the 1850s).

Same item (but complete) sold on Ebay Germany for 25 EUR last week: https://www.ebay.de/itm/154485361680

No time to translate the text right now -- basically saying that all God's blessings come to the faithful, so walk the way of the Lord.